Category Archives: Urania

Sembrar y volver a creer; Haida Gwaii, On the Edge of the World

 

Ángel Mota Berriozábal

Observando el río San Lorenzo, desde el oxidado y vetusto puerto de Montreal, seguí las líneas del agua, los trozos de hielo que se escurren por la corriente. Vorágine que azotó navíos por tantos siglos. Una de las aguas más peligrosas del mundo por sus numerosas corrientes y diversidad de fondos marinos. Y en ese río, grisáceo, imaginé todo el estiércol que ha sido evacuado en su organismo. El alcalde de la ciudad, Dennis Coderre, decidió abrir las cañerías de la urbe para verterlas al San Lorenzo. Con esta observación, desde el puerto, pensé con ese calor anormal de otoño, en los cambios climáticos, provocados por la contaminación y el exceso industrial humano. Me sentí y siento como microorganismo, parásito, entre fábricas, humo, mierda y la prosa de la destrucción urbana. Lo cierto no veía ninguna solución a esta depredación y paulatino deterioro de todo en la isla de Montreal y el mundo.

Por ello, cuando mi amiga mexicana-canadiense Dafne Romero me invitó, desde la British Columbia, a ver el documental que coordinó como productora; Haida Gwaii, at the Edge of the World, nunca imaginé que ir a ver su trabajo en la Universidad de Quebec en Montreal, donde se proyectó, pudiese obsequiarme eso que precisamente me hacía falta; esperanza y deseos de volver a creer y sembrar para revivir la tierra donde vivo.

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Haida Gwaii, at the Edge of the World fue dirigido por Charles Wilkinson, obtuvo los premios a mejor documental en los prestigiosos festivales de cine de Toronto, Vancouver y Nueva York. Wilkinson, invitado por Dafne, luego de un proyecto que hicieron juntos sobre la nación Haida, accedió a volver a las míticas y remotas islas al noroeste de Canadá para contar cómo la nación indígena de las islas y la población anglosajona e inmigrante, han logrado salvar la naturaleza, cultura, ecosistemas, vida social y cultural de este paraje, casi edénico.

Las islas Haida Gwaii, antes denominadas por el colonialismo inglés: Charlotte Islands, son cuna y casa de una de las civilizaciones indígenas más desarrolladas al norte de México; la Haida. Desde tiempos inmemoriales esto nativos han sabido emplear los árboles gigantes; cedros, tuyas, piceas para construir sus casas, canoas, cestas, ropa, sombreros, redes, etc. Los árboles no solo son parte de uno o varios ecosistemas, “son una función de vida, hasta nuestros días −me explicó Dafne en casa de la Mrs. Stein de la comunidad mexicana de Montreal; Cristina Boilés−, en donde cada partícula de los habitantes y de sus hogares depende y está formado en relación con los árboles.” Casas y tótems, artesanías, cajas y demás manufacturas, de uso diario, despertaron el interés de los primeros colonos y por ello; “una parte fundamental de la cultura Haida y de su sobrevivencia −me afirmó Dafne, mientras hacía su maleta, con miras a tomar el avión, in extremis, rumbo a Estambul−, es el uso y trabajo sobre madera.” Los símbolos, los tótems se vuelven no solo una identidad y modo de vivir, religión de una cultura de ocho mil años, sino un modo de vivir y de ser vistos y reconocidos en el mundo por la calidad y belleza de sus obras de arte. Las cuales se hayan en tantos museos en el mundo. “De ahí que los árboles, fuente de vida ecológica y humana, se vuelven a la vez un medio de defensa cultural y social, “pues su fama –dijo Dafne, sentada entre pinturas y vasijas mexicanas puestas en todos los muros de la sala− ha logrado que muchos países deseen proteger este patrimonio de la humanidad.” De hecho, si hacemos un vínculo antropológico con el arte Haida y su función escatológica, las casas de madera en donde antes vivían representaban seres sobrenaturales o animales, que protegían a quienes durmieran dentro del hogar. La madera se vuelve un alma protectora, tal y como la madera tallada de obras de arte se ha vuelto una protectora de su cultura y contra la depredación.

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“Los Haida han logrado sobrevivir –me explicó la mexicana-canadiense, quien ha hecho varios proyectos antropológicos sobre iconografía y simbolismo en la zona y ahora realiza una muestra fotográfica de tótems en Berlín−, porque su arte y alto grado de desarrollo les ayudaron a no desparecer con la colonización inglesa y sus leyes racistas, como lo fueron las leyes que les prohibían el uso de su lengua y religión, o la creación de escuelas residenciales donde los quisieron asimilar a la cultura occidental. De hecho, los europeos mismos que se asentaron en la isla, desde el siglo XIX, se unieron a los nativos para preservar la isla, su naturaleza y riqueza.” Cierto es, sin embargo, que desde el siglo XIX el imperio británico no vio en las islas otro interés que el de explotar los recursos naturales, y entre ellos, principalmente, los árboles gigantes y milenarios. Cientos de años de vida cayeron con cierras y cables, ochocientos años de un cedro o picea acabaron en astillas y bloques de madera para ser empleados en barcos, casas y muebles en Europa. El resultado de esta mutilación económica es que se cortó 70 % de los bosques de Haida Gwaii, lo que se convirtió en un abismo y destrucción ambiental, ecológica y social.

Sí, cortar tan gran cantidad de árboles equivale a cortar la vida de los Haida y su saber hacer y vivir. La mutilación de la tierra no solo la desnuda y priva del oxígeno, casa y techo a animales, el sustento de insectos, aves y mamíferos, 70% de talla es la mutilación de una cultura y de la esperanza de un planeta que todavía pueda salvarse de la mutilación de su existencia. He ahí que Dafne Romero me haya dicho que Haida Gwaii es una metáfora y ejemplo del mundo. Su caso no debe ser visto como único, sino que debe aplicarse a toda la tierra. Como lo que sucede con el río San Lorenzo y la descarga de excrementos, con la posible construcción de una estación petrolera en Cocouna; santuario de las ballenas beluga, o con el futuro paso de un oleoducto por ríos y bosques de la provincia de Quebec.

La estructura del documental da cuenta de la complejidad del fenómeno en Haida Gwaii, y por ende de la complejidad de las soluciones y conflictos que se crean en la protección o explotación de los recursos. De ahí que vemos cómo, a través de un recorrido en el tiempo, los indígenas Haida bloquearon carreteras en las islas, impidiendo que los camiones de las industrias madereras prosiguiesen su labor, visitaron la corte suprema, redactaron artículos, fueron a la ONU. Nada de lo cual hubiese tenido el mismo resultado, según lo que se muestra en la cinta y me explicó Dafne, sin la unión de la nación Haida con los “blancos.” Luego de lograr frenar el deterioro de los bosques, los Haida pudieron comprar la mayor parte de las islas y detener así la erosión total de los bosques. Además de que estos indígenas aplican ahora sus propias leyes y autoridad en casi todo el territorio, como resultado de una lucha legal con el gobierno de Canadá.

De la fuerza de voluntad, de la organización de todos los habitantes, sin importar origen racial o étnico, se propuso dar alternativas al desarrollo económico de las islas, pues no bastaba −muestra el corto−, con defender y bloquear carreteras. Se propuso hacer otro tipo de economía, como la compañía de Dafne, la cual confecciona comida con algas, entre ellas; “lasaña”, o que los colonos planten y vendan verduras orgánicas, o que el turismo, uno de los motores principales de la región, se haga con consciencia ecológica, en donde se invita y recibe a un turismo que respete tanto la fauna y la flora como el modo de vida y cultura de los habitantes.

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Todavía se cortan árboles en los sectores privados que ofrece el gobierno canadiense a las compañías forestales y en las mismas tierras Haida, a causa de la corrupción. “La corrupción –me previno Dafne, ahora ya preparando la cena para los miembros de la revista Viceversa a los que invitó, con esa gran generosidad y altruismo que le he conocido por años−, es un problema en la comunidad Haida. A pesar de todo el trabajo por frenar la deforestación, varios indígenas se dejan sobornar y venden cientos de hectáreas de árboles centenarios.” De este modo, la lucha no solo es contra las grandes empresas de fuera sino contra el alma misma de quienes viven adentro. “Pero, lo importante −me deja ver la mexicana-canadiense−, es que la tradición cultural y política Haida es la que rige las islas y con ello las leyes de protección ambiental y la necesidad de preservar los recursos por un bien colectivo es lo que prima en las decisiones y vida locales.”

De hecho, podemos observar en la cinta la influencia del arte y cultura Haida en la manera cómo se manejan las imágenes. Existe una poética intrínseca en las tomas. Dafne me dice al respecto que, precisamente uno de los objetivos del documental es hacerlo poético, artístico, como las obras de los Haida. En este sentido, At the Edge of the World cobra un sentido casi totémico en su representación misma. La poética de las imágenes es como la poética del arte indígena representado en sus cajas, cestas, mantas y canoas. Un ejemplo es la escena constante de una ballena, de su cola. Es como si esta ballena fuera la que acompañase la barca del director o equipo de producción y sobre todo que protegiese Haida Gwaii, tal y como tiene por función el animal representado en las imágenes totémicas o los animales pintados o esculpidos en las canoas. Otro ejemplo es la superposición de imágenes de árboles, vistos desde cerca, como protectores o cuya importancia se realiza dentro de un ecosistema. Función diversa a la imagen de la mecánica o de reproducción de objetos en serie, como son los muebles, casas o papel publicitario, fruto de la deforestación desmedida. De esta forma, en la cinta, las imágenes de los árboles se vuelven simbólicas y útiles, pero no útiles en el sentido de la reproducción mecánica de un objeto o de un producto en serie, sino necesarios como seres vivos y actuantes con nosotros. Como lo afirma el filósofo alemán Walter Benjamin en su texto; “La obra de arte en la época de su reproducción técnica”; la poética de la cinta refleja “un aura.” El aura para Benjamin es la autenticidad del objetivo simbólico y cultural de la obra de arte o el espacio natural, y a lo cual tenemos un acceso directo. Esto es; el documental no solo es un espacio cinético de información, hecho a través de la tecnología que toma y saca a la naturaleza, animales o sus habitantes de un espacio auténtico para luego reproducirlo en serie a la mayor cantidad de personas posibles, solo con fines comerciales, o para despojar al árbol de su función original, sino que, por medio de símbolos en la cinta y de un arte fotográfico, vuelve al documentario un arte vivo y totémico.

A este respecto, recordemos que para los Haida la orca, el oso o cualquier otro animal esculpido en un tótem, como figura principal, así como los otros animales tallados en el árbol, cuentan la historia de un clan y pueden ser a la vez protectores del mismo o de un jefe. Las figuras pintadas en las casas son el animal que cuida a los que viven dentro y la madera misma es la piel del animal, los pilares son los huesos. La casa, las cajas y canoas tienen vida propia, dada por la obra de arte de los animales dibujados o esculpidos. De ahí que el documental se presente, entre otras cosas, como una escultura Haida, una obra de arte que va más allá de su función social o mediática de reproducción en serie, pues al retomar la escatología de esta nación se muestra como ánima que cuida, protege y guía a los personajes y personas entrevistadas y a todos los actos y sitios que vemos. Se respetó así la tradición y creencias Haida y con ello se dio un valor mismo simbólico poético al documental. Como me dijo Dafne: “todo lo que se filmó, dijo y preparó tuvo que ser aceptado y comentado por el jefe de la nación y en acuerdo respetuoso de su nación.”

Cuando acabamos de ver el documental, nos parece que Haida Gwaii es el Edén tan anhelado y que, tal vez, sea uno de los últimos recónditos de la tierra en este estado natural, en equilibrio ecológico y con un modo de vida sustentable, “sin embargo −nos previene Dafne−, el documental no lo hicimos para mostrar a la gente que esto es el paraíso o para que todos se vengan acá –rio−, sino para que todos hagan algo similar desde donde viven. Cada uno puede hacerlo.”

 

THEATRE
- Le Mai 68 de Denis Guénoun botticellisé par Christian Schiaretti -Théâtre National Populaire


“Mai 68 bouleverse la sphère privée”.
http://www.zones-subversives.com/2014/11/mai-68-moment-de-politisation.html

Par Andrea Genovese*

«Ben venga Maggio/ e ‘l gonfalon selvaggio», chantait Angelo Poliziano à la cour de Laurent le Magnifique. Qu’il vienne Mai et l’étendard sauvage (le bouquet de fleurs que les amoureux pendaient à la porte de leurs belles) « Ben venga primavera/ che vuol ch’uom s’inamori;/ e voi, donzelle, a schiera/ colli vostri amadori, / che di rose e di fiori/ vi fate belle il maggio, / venite alla frescura/ delli verdi arbuscelli ». Qu’il vienne le printemps/ qui veut que les hommes tombent amoureux/ et, vous jeunes filles/ qui de roses et de fleurs vous habillez à mai, abritez-vous avec vos amants/ à l’ombre d’arbres verdoyants. C’est un poète, Poliziano, qui incarne à lui seul la Renaissance florentine et sa laïque révolution artistique, destinée plus tard à succomber sous le fanatisme savonarolien et les barbares armées françaises. Mais souvent un poète en cache un autre, un peintre cette fois, le frêle et doux Sandro Botticelli qui de roses et de fleurs a orné sa Primavera, Flore, Vénus s’avançant à pas de danse, sinueuse, ambiguë de souriante sensualité. Christian Schiaretti, dans sa mise en scène de Mai, juin, juillet de Denis Guénoun, revêt d’un costume botticellien, arborant les belles cuisses et la grâce hautaine de Clémentine Verdier, Poésie, personnage allégorique qui se confronte dans un dialogue serré avec Révolution (incarnée par une Julie Brochen un brin philosophique et vaguement sans-culotte), dans une scène de plaisante facture qui sent un peu le trope moyenâgeux.

Pendant les trois mois de l’année1968 en question, se sont passées tellement de choses en France dont il ne reste aujourd’hui pas plus qu’un vague arôme floral (roses ou chrysanthèmes peu importe). Mais de la mémoire des deux personnages clés de cette pièce (Jean-Louis Barrault et Jean Vilar, superbement interprétés par Marcel Bozonnet et Robin Renucci), remontent en surface presque exclusivement le souffle du mistral avignonnais et l’écho des débats enflammés et inconséquents dans l’Odéon occupé par les jeunes à Paris. C’est que Guénon a concentré son attention sur la comédie amère qui mène à la mort de Jean Vilar, et sur les débats autour d’une table des directeurs de théâtres à Villeurbanne, où on essaie de poser les bases d’une charte de la décentralisation culturelle dans cette période de troubles et d’illusions révolutionnaires Dans la tribune mouvementée du Théâtre de la Cité l’œil un peu goguenard de Schiaretti nous peint une sorte d’Ultima Cena léonardesque autour d’une immense table rectangulaire. D’ailleurs si on ne regarde pas cette création comme une vaste fresque, on ne comprendrait pas le spectacle et sa construction scénique. Il y a des panneaux marrants ou poétiques très bien joués. Remarquable le duo formé par un impeccable et amusant Philippe Vincenot en Général De Gaulle et le superbe Stéphane Bernard dans ses rôles hors norme de nombreux ministres, Malraux en particulier.

Source:http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/événements_de_mai_1968/131140
Source:http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/événements_de_mai_1968/131140

Qui a vécu Mai 1968 comme moi, bien que de l’autre côté des Alpes où des manifestations estudiantines et ouvrières chantantes on passera vite à la tragédie d’une presque guerre civile , sait qu’on était un peu comme ça, nous les révolutionnaires, moi compris un peu plus vieux que la moyenne des étudiants à cette époque-là: c’est-à-dire de beaux parleurs attentifs aux oreilles complaisantes des filles bivouaquant dans les universités occupées. Certes, souvent silencieuses et passives devant les grands discours des nouveaux Robespierre, sans bien comprendre que « per prender le donzelle/ si son gli amanti armati » (pour conquérir les filles/ se sont les amoureux armés), même si parfois dans les bivouacs nocturnes elles cédaient au cri du poète «arendetevi, belle, a’ vostri innamorati!» (donnez-vous, les belles, à vos amoureux), les filles commençaient à peine à prendre conscience que le rapport homme-femme était en train de changer. C’est curieux quand même que les jeunes de Guénoun ne citent jamais ni Lénine, ni Mao ni Guevara et ceux qu’on avait à la bouche (à l’université de Milan occupée on se présentait devant les commissions d’examens le livret rouge de Mao dans la main gauche et le revolver dans la main droite).

Je ne sais pas si Schiaretti a créé en 2012 ce spectacle juste pour remettre en actualité les questions éternelles du théâtre français, ses conditionnements, ses prétentions libertaires, en tout cas le rapport dialectique entre moyens et création, les tics, les écoles, le narcissisme entre lâcheté et fierté. Le documentaire de Guénoun, tout en escamotant les questions politiques et sociales de fond, est précis sur les détails chronologiques. Humain trop humain. Théâtral trop théâtral. Le personnage de l’Auteure (une très assurée Magali Bonat) en témoigne. Le couple Barrault-Vilar, deux personnalités à l’opposé de leur engagement politique et de leur conception théâtrale, exposés aux intempéries, se retrouvent dans la solidarité fraternelle, phénix du théâtre après les désastres de la guerre. Que disait-il au fond, Poliziano, aux filles florentines ? « Rendete e cuor furati, / non fate guerra il maggio » (restituez les cœurs que vous avez volés/ ne faites pas de guerre à mai). On aurait dû l’écouter.

Cinquante comédiens sur le plateau ont accompagné une mise en scène trop intellectuelle sans doute, mais généreuse et virilement engagée. Appréciables la scénographie de Fanny Gamet et les costumes de Thibaut Welchlin.

*(Publié dans le N.37 de Belvedere, Journal poétique et humoral en langue française, italienne et sicilienne de l’écrivain Andrea Genovese, juin-juillet 2015.)

 

 

 

Does only the Graffiti Remain?

Jeremy Lester

... the camera is the ideal arm of consciousness in its acquisitive mood.  Susan Sontag

It is just possible that photography is the prophecy of a human memory yet to be socially and politically achieved.   John Berger

* * * * *

The power of a photograph always lies in its capacity to remind us of something. For a photograph to do this, it is not important whether we ourselves took it, whether we appear in it, or indeed whether it has anything directly to do with us. It is enough that it touches us in some way. Its stillness triggers empathy. It allows the mind to wander and as the mind slowly drifts away from the present we re-live, albeit perhaps only fleetingly, thoughts and images from the past, our own past. This is exactly what these photographs of Chris Killip did. They stirred personal childhood memories – memories of economic hardship (if not outright poverty), pain, and anguish; of grim, bleak, alienating landscapes; and of the drudgery and burden of everyday existence. The images are harsh and stark; they are never sentimentalised. But at the same time, if there is misery here, it is never humiliating. As a consequence, there are also memories of hope, of tremendous dignity, of pride, and of the small pleasures that sustain life. Last but not least, and let us be honest here, there are the memories of the burning desire to escape, but also of the sense of loss that followed in the wake of this exodus; perhaps one might even say, this ‘running away’.

When he takes a photo of someone, Killip has that rare ability to capture more than an instant in time; what he is really able to capture is the essence of an individual’s whole life. They tell us almost everything that we need, or that we would want, to know about them. We can read their life story in the photographic image. It is for this reason that the people in the photographs are not strangers to us. It is as if we know them, we are familiar with them.

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*Chris Killip (born 1946) Is an English photographer of international renown whose work has always tried to document key aspects of the political and social life of working-class communities (past and present). His photographs are featured in the permanent collections of major institutions such as the Museum of Modern Art, New York; the Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco; Museum Folkwang, Essen; the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam; National Gallery of Australia, Canberra; the Victoria and Albert Museum, London; and most recently, Tate Britain in London (as well as many others). He has also been the winner of many prestigious prizes, such as the 1989 Cartier- Bresson award for his work In Flagrante. More recently he has also turned his attention to non-fiction short films, and one such film, Skinningrove, was awarded the prize of best film in its category at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival. The following short tribute and analysis is based on a viewing of his recent exhibition entitled What Happened: Great Britain 1970 – 1990, which was shown at Le Bal Gallery in Paris, together with another exhibition (entitled Arbeit/Work) held last year at the Reina Sofia Museum in Madrid. All the photographs reproduced here are done so with the very kind and generous permission of the photographer himself.

 

Brother and sister waiting, Whitley Bay 1981
Brother and sister waiting, Whitley Bay 1981
Youth on Wall, Jarrow 1976
Youth on Wall, Jarrow 1976
Torso, Gateshead 1978
Torso, Gateshead 1978
Couple eating fish and chips, Whitley Bay 1976
Couple eating fish and chips, Whitley Bay 1976
Father and son 1980
Father and son 1980

He has been called the chronicler of a bygone era; the last photographer of the working class. Both descriptions are only partly true. One appreciates the specific time and locality of what he is showing us – the old industrial landscape of northern England in the 1970s and 1980s – and one fully understands how this has been destroyed and decimated, along with the livelihoods they once supported. But one should not imprison these images in just one time and space. Like the work and the factories that once sustained them, they are movable images, re-locatable in space and time. Indeed, in many ways, a lot of his photographs, particularly those depicting redundancy and unemployment (as well resistance to these phenomena) may well be considered not a last image of a vanishing world, but instead a first glimpse, portent, or forewarning of the contemporary world that we now live in, which is dominated so much by the conditions of precariousness. The industrial working class has just about completely vanished, but the global and far more universal ‘precariat class’ looks as though it is going to be with us for a long time to come (unless we can find the will and means to resist).

***

I want to focus on three photographs in particular, each one of which gives us an image of exactly the same location, always taken from the same position. It is a street in Wallsend (on Tyneside) located right next to the Swan Hunter shipyard, which was the work that sustained the region for many decades stretching back in time. No more than six years separate the images in real time – the first one in 1975 and the last one in 1981 – but an eternity separates their meaning and significance.

06. Street in Wallsend with children playing 1975

In the first one, we see a scene that would have been a typical one at any time during the existence of the shipyard. There are children playing in the street, but no adults to be seen. The men are busy at work; the women are busy with their own daily chores. The children play quietly, tranquilly, together. This is still an age when the street was the natural playground for the child. They have nothing to sustain their amusement and their enjoyment other than the power of their own company and imagination. One of the children is temporarily distracted from what he had been doing. He has seen the photographer and he is looking directly in his direction. Strangers or casual visitors from outside would have been quite rare so it is natural that the boy is curious. But one suspects that it was only a momentary distraction. He would not have been unnerved, let alone frightened, by the stranger. He would have accepted him, let him get on with whatever he was doing, and he himself would have immediately picked up the threads of the game or the conversation with his fellow children (one of whom, I am pretty sure, would have been his sister).

To the left of the children (as we look at the picture) are the houses where they, their parents, their other relatives (near and distant), and the other shipyard families live. They are small tenement houses that are situated in neat, identical rows with no space separating them in the row that they belong to. They are houses that would have been owned either directly by the shipyard, or, more likely at this time, by the local council, with the rent due on the same day each month (and how one used to dread that day).

The Russian writer, Evgeny Zamyatin, who lived and worked in this region for nearly two years during the First World War – he helped design and build icebreakers, one of which was later re-named “Lenin” following the death of the first Soviet revolutionary leader – had an absolute hatred of these houses. In letters that he wrote home to his wife, he likens them to the storehouses and grain barns in Petersburg near the Aleksandr Nevskii monastery, and he cannot believe that people actually live in them. Above all, he is shocked and depressed by the fact that each one is an absolutely identical cardboard cut-out of the others to the same, dull, depressing zero degree. It is as though the people live surrounded by mirrors, with each house being an exact reflection of the others. ‘What a terrible lack of imagination’, he repeatedly wrote; what lack of spontaneity, what conformism they convey.(1) In his short story, ‘Islanders’, which he wrote during his stay on Tyneside, he wonders how the parishioners when they leave the church on Sunday can possibly re-locate their own houses, and the fact that somehow they can is likened to a veritable ‘miracle’. Is it any wonder, his narrator goes on to reflect, that the English are so herd-like, so set in their ways, and that any kind of originality is considered almost ‘criminal’. So deep were his negative impressions that he experienced here that they would later be used as a direct source for the physical contours and setting for his most well-known, nightmarish dystopian novel – We.

Of course, one understands his perspective, but it was the perspective of an outsider. For the people actually living here, the closeness and the identicalness of the surroundings would have been the bedrock of their shared sense of community. As always, what we read into an image or a landscape is dependent upon perspective and upon the subjective eye of the beholder.

To the right of the children playing in the street a wall extends into the distance as far as the eye can see. It is a boundary that theoretically separates the realm of the workplace and labour from the realm of the home and leisure. But so low is the wall, so tenuous is the separation, one knows full well that the one conjoined directly with the other. There was no real separation at all.

Towering above the children are the cranes of the shipyard. In their tentacles lies the product of the collective work performed by thousands of blue and white collar workers stretching over many years. At the time the photograph was taken the ship that can be seen was the biggest one ever built on the river estuary. “Tyne Pride” is its name (as we can just make out from the photograph), and for sure it bore the pride of those who made it. But what a price was paid for this pride. Few industries could have contributed more to the power of English imperialism than that of shipbuilding, for what would the might of English power have been without its capacity to rule the high seas of the world? But at the same time, few workers in any industry suffered more toil, exploitation, sickness, injury and death than shipworkers. Moreover, as the industry became ever more ‘modernised’ so too did the illnesses. Only later – when it was too late – would it be revealed the extent to which the workers were poisoned by their constant exposure to asbestos.

It surely does not take much imagination to begin to see the ship as some kind of monster. Indeed, both the children and the houses as well are living so cheek by jowl with this monster that its jaws could seemingly devour them at any moment. One is inevitably reminded here of Melville’s description of the great monster whale, ‘Moby Dick’ – its sweeping ‘sickle-shaped jaw’ which can tear human flesh as a mower can shear a blade of grass in the field. How it must often have been seen as the incarnation of malicious torments that demonise those who come into direct contact with it.

All that most maddens and torments; all that stirs up the lees of things; all truth with malice in it; all that cracks the sinews and cakes the brain; all the subtle demonisms of life and thought; all evil… were visibly personified, and made practically assailable in Moby Dick.

What torn bodies and gashed souls this monster, this leviathan, leaves in its wake. And a leviathan is exactly what it is, in all the possible metaphorical senses of this term (including of course the meaning given to it by Thomas Hobbes).

If one wants, one can go even further back in time, to the Biblical origins of time and, like Melville, see this leviathan as it was presented to Job by Yahweh.

Canst thou draw out leviathan with a hook? Or his tongue with a cord which thou lettest down? Canst thou put a hook into his nose? Or bore his jaw through with a thorn? Will he make many supplications unto thee? Will he speak soft words unto thee? Will he make a covenant with thee? Wilt thou take him for a servant for ever? Wilt thou play with him as with a bird? Or wilt thou bind him for thy maidens? Shall the companions make a banquet of him? Shall they part him among the merchants? Canst thou fill his skin with barbed irons? Or his head with fish spears? Lay thine hand upon him, remember the battle, do no more…None is so fierce that dare stir him up: who then is able to stand before me? (Job 41:1-10)

Who indeed?

Not long after this first photograph was taken Killip went back and photographed the same location. But look how different this second photograph is. Look how things have changed in only a matter of months. It is now the middle of winter. The snow lies deep. No children can be found playing outside; there are only forlorn, isolated men, each of them huddled up against the biting cold and wind that rages in these parts, with their heads bowed down. Did they salute each other as they passed? Did they engage in conversation or heated discussion to warm the cockles of their bowels?

Most of the image conveys a scene of desolation, of emptiness, and it does not take long to realise that this is the result of much more than the harsh weather conditions. If you cast your gaze to the right, the source of the emptiness is staring you full in your face. The leviathan has gone and it has left them with nothing but its entrails. Is its disappearance temporary or permanent? At the time the picture was taken the answer was not yet known, although one suspects that in their heart of hearts they knew that it was permanent and that the closure of the shipyard was imminent. How quickly disposable profits at one end of the social scale can be transformed almost like magic – black magic – into disposable, throw- away lives at the other end.

07. Street in Wallsend in winter

Yet not all is seemingly lost. Amidst the desolation a message of hope can still be conjured up. The camera lens on this occasion has slightly expanded its horizons. A wall is revealed that was not seen before, and its message rings out loud and clear. ‘Don’t vote’, it exhorts. It is already a sign that the political party which once upon a time proclaimed its allegiance to the working class has deserted and betrayed them, and by doing so it has paved the way for its political enemies to complete the job of destruction and annihilation under the diktat of Mrs Thatcher. But the betrayal has also unleashed the blinkers from their eyes. Things are clearer now than they once were. The absolute contrast between black and white is there for all to see. The negative exhortation not to do something is accompanied by a positive: ‘Prepare for revolution’.

Alas, it was not to be. The forces waged against them were too powerful, too overwhelming. Within the space of a few years, the jobs and the community that went with them were destroyed and a veritable waste land took their place (as can be seen in the third photograph).

What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow/ Out of this stony rubbish? Son of man, / You cannot say, or guess, for you know only/ A heap of broken images, where the sun beats,/ And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief, / And the dry stone no sound of water. (2)

08. Street in Wallsend with houses demolished 1981

And yet even here, amidst the bleakest possible desolation, it turns out that some roots do indeed still clutch. There on the wall to the left, the graffiti, the message, remains. It was not destroyed. No, more than that. To say ‘it was not destroyed’ might imply that it escaped destruction by accident; that it was some kind of oversight on the part of those who carried out the demolition. But I think there is something much stronger at work here. This was no accident that it was left intact. Even if the intent had been to destroy it along with everything else, it could not be destroyed.

***

Take photos otherwise they will not believe us (Franco Basaglia). (3)

As one enters the exhibition of Chris Killip’s photographs a story is recounted:

One night in 1994 my American friend John Clifford, who owned the best bar in Cambridge, took me into the middle of Boston to where the civic center and other administrative buildings now stand. These buildings were built in the 1960s on top of the old tough working class district of Scully Square, where John and his brothers were born and raised.

John pointed out to me streets that no longer existed, telling me who had lived where and in which house. Who had died in Vietnam, who had worked for the mob, who had gone to prison or ended up in politics. When I interrupted this narrative to tell him how great it was that he was telling the history of this place he spun around, gripped me by the throat and pushed me against the wall. With his raised fist clenched he said, ‘I don’t know nothing about no fucking history, I’m just telling you what happened.

We look at these photographs today, in the present, which are images of the past, and by doing so they compel us to reflect on the past and all that it entailed – for good and bad. But they do more than that. They likewise beg us to reflect on the future. But what future awaits us? ‘A people or a class which is cut off from its own past is far less free to choose and to act than one that has been able to situate itself in history.’(4)

Thirty years have passed since the final photograph was taken. For sure, the wall that contained the message has long since succumbed to the vagaries of time and destruction. But the message outlives the wall. The wall is only an outer, superficial container. It pales into comparison with the real container of the message which is our hearts and our spirit. And if the message can no longer be seen or heard on Tyneside, its echoes do continue to resound on the streets of many other places throughout the world.

There is one final photograph from Killip’s exhibition that I want to refer to. It depicts a young boy, no more than ten or eleven years old, who sits in front of a small fishing boat deep in concentrated contemplation. His face expresses immense sadness but in contrast his eyes express a depth of determination. Only the caption below the photograph can begin to reveal the inner workings of his thoughts. ‘A young boy takes to the sea again after the drowning of his father (1983).’

09. A young boy takes to the sea again after the drowning of his father 1983

If only we can all find the political courage to match this young boy’s human courage, then not only will the ‘revolution’ be prepared… it might even succeed. Now wouldn’t that be an image to see…

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Notes

(1) See Alan Myers, ‘Evgenii Zamiatin in Newcastle’, Slavonic and East European Review, No. 68, 1990 and ‘Zamiatin in Newcastle: The Green Wall and the Pink Ticket’, Slavonic and East European Review, No. 71, 1993.

(2) T.S. Eliot, ‘The Waste Land’ in Collected Poems 1909-1962 (London: Faber and Faber, 1963), p. 63.

(3) This advice was given by Basaglia to Raymond Depardon so that a photographic record could be made of psychiatric conditions in Italy in the late 1970s. See Raymond Depardon, Manicomio: Selected Madness – Secluded Madness (Göttingen: Steidl, 2012).

(4) John Berger, Ways of Seeing (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972), p. 11.

Pensamenti dominanti

Lamberto Tassinari

Photo: Patricia Vergeylen
Photo: Patricia Vergeylen

In una piega informatica del mio computer si trovavano (da quanto? tempo?) quattordici pensamenti…e lì si trovano ancora: ma ho deciso di trasferire le loro sembianze, il loro avatar qui,  affinché qualcun altro, forse, li legga perché come sostiene un grande amico lontano ma vicino, malgrado tutto: “fanno riflettere”. Sperando che sia davvero così, li varo (non tutti insieme ma 7 alla volta, sì, perché 7 è il numero  della pienezza, della perfezione) fragile barchetta di carta, nel mare magnum dell’immateriale rete grande come il mondo.

TRADIZIONE

Si sa che è solo questione di tempo e che tanto o poco, di tempo, è lo stesso. Eppure, malgrado ciò, si dà un’importanza incredibile, nel frattempo, alle cose che si ripetono, apparentemente identiche. Questa ripetizione costituisce: la tradizione. Tale tempo, in cui gli antenati, i venuti prima, i già vissuti, facevano e dicevano, possono essere secoli : quattro, cinque, sei o sette oppure qualche migliaio di anni ma non più di cinque o seimila. Perchè, come i giri del motore, dopo qualche migliaio si sballa : non c’è quasi più Storia oltre i cinquemila giri. O meglio, c’è umanità, ma non così riconoscibile come quella sotto i cinquemila. A diecimila non c’è quasi più nulla, come alle grandi profondità quando ogni forma di vita si fa rara. Eppure anche diecimila anni veramente non ci impressionano perché se misurati da geologo sono pochi, da astrofisico, nulla, da filosofo, tutto e nulla. Solo per gli storici sono tanti, troppi. Allora? E’ inutile gonfiarsi col tempo.

NAZIONALISMO 1

A formare il nazionalismo storico, quello che decolla in Europa alla fine del Rinascimento ma iniziato già secoli prima, hanno contribuito forze profonde, economiche, religiose, ideologiche. Forze che tendevano tutte congiuntamente alla realizzazione dell’unità nazionale che si realizzerà progressivamente con la « liberazione delle masse » e allo stesso tempo con la costituzione  di un’economia capitalistica nazionale,  di una chiesa nazionale e così via, il tutto  in un mercato mondiale. Oggi queste forze centripete non agiscono più nello stesso senso, nella stessa direzione nazionale, ma sono diventate centrifughe, di conseguenza il nazionalismo si è ridotto a un desiderio ideologico-volontaristico, malinconicamente nostalgico. Una forza debole, centripeta che risulta insufficiente a produrre l’effetto desiderato, impotente contro le forze opposte della globalizzazione che oggi ci appare « cieca », ossia il cui orientamento ci è impossibile cogliere immersi come siamo dentro il movimento.

 

Photo: Pierlucio Pellissier
Photo: Pierlucio Pellissier

 

 NAZIONALISMO 2

Il virus della nazione, come tutti i virus, colpisce in modo particolare gli individui più deboli. Penso a quegli uomini e a quelle donne che, per ragioni diverse, si ritrovano con un sistema identitario malandato. Tutti quelli che hanno difficoltà a identificarsi, a stare nella vita, che hanno bisogno di « sostegno », di « compagnia », tutti loro, più facilmente degli altri, sono vittime del virus della Nazione, della Patria con la p maiuscola. Questa gente finisce per sviluppare la sindrome nazionalista che si presenta in varie forme, dalle più leggere e benigne alle più gravi e fatali, il cui ultimo stadio è il nazismo.  Molto spesso i diffusori di questo virus sono portatori sani che non fanno che trasmetterlo ai più deboli allo scopo ultimo di dominarli.

CORPO VIVENTE

E’piccolissimo o grandissimo, come tutto ciò che esiste, indefinibile come il tempo. Per corpo, intendo organismo, vivente. Come il nostro che inizia a vivere così e che cessa di vivere (non di essere), così, per infinite ragioni. Ragioni che possono essere esterne : violenza di guerra, volontà aggressiva di altri corpi o di forze naturali. O interne : micro organismi, (piccolissimi corpi) o disfunzioni organiche. Di corpi se ne consumano quanti se ne fanno, senza sosta : di buoni e di cattivi, durano più o meno, in ogni caso si riproducono con sbalorditiva facilità e non finirebbero  mai. Il grande corpo di Gaia sforna corpi senza sosta : macrocosmo, come è stato detto, pieno di microcosmi.

Photo: Patricia Vergeylen
Photo: Patricia Vergeylen

I corpi si somigliano tutti, sono la stessa cosa. Mutano segretamente per divenire ciò che sono, che sono sempre stati. Anche quando sono mutati tanto da essere irriconoscibili rispetto a ciò che erano, il principio che li ha fatti mutare, per cui mutano, era già : questo vale per tutte le mutazioni, anche le più strabilianti  che sono sempre in corso.

STORIA

Non credo nella disciplina,  la storiografia, né nel suo oggetto, il tempo che essa trasforma in Storia. Come le leggi della fisica classica non valgono più a elevatissime temperature o a una velocità superiore a quella della luce, lo stesso la Storia a diecimila anni sballa e diventa paleontologia. Per me Storia è dare uno sguardo a fatti di un certo tipo, avvenuti tra l’ora e il prima, per stabilire un confronto, per procedere a una semplice verifica nel brevissimo periodo, senza la pretesa di trarne conclusioni universali, senza voler imparare o insegnare qualcosa “per il futuro” incommensurabile.  Perché, generalmente parlando, tutto è avvenuto. In ogni arte e nel pensiero e nella vita:  tutto è stato fatto, detto, pensato. La frustrazione che alcuni credono una tale visione provochi, esiste solo per chi, come loro, crede nel progresso, appunto nella Storia. Ossia per chi è convinto che le cose non solo migliorino ma che divengano altro, che si realizzino. Solo per loro è insopportabile  e scandalosa l’idea che non si possa “far meglio”. Per chi invece sa che la freccia del tempo non ha mai filato da sinistra a destra portando sempre del Nuovo, non c’è scandalo. Non è giusto, ovviamente, dire che la Storia finisca. Perché non è mai cominciata. L’inizio della Storia è stato un atto di volontà, il fiat arrogante di un parvenu. E’ stato un abbaglio, un’idea condivisa da un certo numero di persone viventi per un istante di qualche secolo e da loro imposta violentemente al Mondo. Anche il progresso scientifico e tecnico, quello che a tutti, quello sì, sembra davvero e chiaramente portare senza sosta del nuovo assoluto, è un abbaglio perché non fa che ‘re-inventare’ ciò che il mondo è. Riproduce, proietta fuori dell’essere umano le formule di complessità esistenti da sempre nella materia: conosce riproducendo. S’illude di creare e non fa che ripetere. Sillaba ciò che esiste.

 INDIVIDUALITÀ CREATRICE

La convinzione di essere unici è la più patetica. Nelle società moderne, organizzate, dal Seicento per farsi un’idea… storica, è diventata un’ideologia. Lo spazio in cui opera è il mercato. L’unicità ha un valore, per questo la cosa prodotta, che è diventata una merce, va affermata e difesa. Ogni pensiero o manufatto (opera) che produce ciascun individuo è pensato come unico e va documentato (trascritto, datato, catalogato, conservato) per distinguerlo dagli altri. Ognuno ha un copyright e guai a copiare! Queste opere sono tutte spalmate sul tempo, una prima una dopo, con numeri al lato, l’anno e il giorno fissato, a volte anche l’ora. E il prima e il dopo generalmente hanno un significato netto, una logica in base alla quale non si può aver pensato o fatto una cosa prima di una certa data! Questo modo di ragionare si chiama storicismo. Quando accade che questa regola non venga rispettata e la legge della proprietà intellettuale venga infranta, allora si parla di plagio, se la fonte precede, se invece segue di anticipazioni precorritrici, profetiche, visionarie che non possono essere perseguite legalmente.

Photo: Patricia Vergeylen
Photo: Patricia Vergeylen

MOVIMENTI

Si  può anche dire che la Storia è l’insieme dei fatti, dei movimenti nel Tempo. Dapprima sono stati raccolti, selezionati solo quelli degli individui importanti, le  res gestae, poi la Nouvelle Histoire si è interessata quasi a ogni tipo di fatti della gente comune. La Storia in fin dei conti è l’insieme di ciò che accade, o meglio di ciò che appare essere accaduto. Certo, l’Europa feudale non è l’Europa borghese, il feudalesimo è un fenomeno storico altro dal capitalismo che è venuto in seguito così come l’adolescenza segue da sempre l’infanzia. Insomma, si può continuare per comodità metodologica e a breve termine, a parlare di Storia.

Tutto ciò che accade è movimento, movimento nel tempo. Ogni vita, dalla più effimera alla più duratura, è fatta di movimenti. Le cose che stanno immobili, come le rocce e le montagne, quasi non cambiano o si trasformano molto lentamente, quelle invece che si muovono cambiano visibilmente e più velocemente si muovono più cambiano forma. Come non si sa dove vanno “i movimenti” –  dove scompaiano i gesti della mano, l’ondeggiare dei rami, delle foglie, dei capelli, i passi e tutto ciò che si muove – così non si sa dove va ogni vita che è l’insieme di tutti i movimenti di ogni corpo vivente, di ogni cosa che esiste.

Non si sa dove vadano come non si sa, non si capisce dove avvengano, in che luogo, condizione e stato siano le cose. Non sapendo cosa siano e da dove vengano i corpi e tutto ciò che costituisce il Mondo, si può dire che i movimenti non esistono  e con loro il Tempo e lo Spazio entro cui sembra che le cose accadano.

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